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A logic gate usually takes in 2 inputs and gives out 1 output. The inputs and outputs are binary values, meaning they can be 1 or 0. A XOR logic gate takes in 2 binary inputs and gives out a high output ONLY when the inputs are different. Meaning, if A and B are inputted to a XOR gate then the out C will be 1 ONLY when A is not equal to B.  Reference: https://blockgeeks.com/guides/cryptocurrencies-cryptography/

Permissionless - anyone can join Anyone can run a node, run mining software/hardware, access a wallet and write data onto and transact within the blockchain (as long as they follow the rules of the bitcoin blockchain). There is no way to censor anyone, ever, on the permissionless bitcoin blockchain.  Reference: https://medium.com/@dustindreifuerst/permissioned-vs-permissionless-blockchains-acb8661ee095

Corda does not share the same requirements as Bitcoin: we require absolute certainty over transaction finality and we need to know who our counterparts are. So we had the freedom – and took this opportunity – to solve the consensus problem in a different way. In particular, Corda solves the privacy issue in a number of manners, primarily by allowing for separation of consensus into a service which we call the Notary Cluster. Corda was designed for business from the start. It has no cryptocurrency built into the platform and does not require mining-style consensus, which imposes great cost with little business benefit.

SHA stands for Secure Hash Algorithm. This is used to prove data integrity. The same input(s) will always produce the exact same output. This output is always 256 bits or 32 bytes in length regardless of the length of the input (even if input is millions of bytes).  Reference: https://medium.com/all-things-ledger/bitcoins-implementation-of-blockchain-2be713f662c2

Reference: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/introduction-to-smart-contracts.html#the-ethereum-virtual-machine

This eliminates the below challenges from PoW and believed to have an advantage. No need of expensive hardware (a normal laptop or computer running the respective coin’s Validator client will do as long as your laptop or computer is online) Energy efficient as it won’t consume high electricity as PoW does More loyal Validators As higher the stake the Validators have for a long time, more chances for the Validator to be picked up for “forging” and earn the transaction fee Faster validations  Reference: https://medium.com/@karthik.seshu/cryptocurrency-proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake-e1eee1420b10

ASICS are generally used in blockchains such as BTC that have a Proof of Work consensus due to competition Reference: https://www.trymining.com/pages/asic-vs-gpu

Asymmetric cryptography utilizes two different keys, a public key and a private to encrypt and decrypt a particular data. The use of one key cancels out the use of the other.  Reference: https://blockgeeks.com/guides/cryptocurrencies-cryptography/

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the runtime environment for smart contracts in Ethereum. It is not only sandboxed, but actually completely isolated, which means that code running inside the EVM has no access to network, filesystem, or other processes. Smart contracts even have limited access to other smart contracts.  Reference: http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/contracts-and-transactions/developer-tools.html#the-evm

Bitcoin uses the Hashcash proof of work system.  Reference: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Hashcash